Hybrid Warfare

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3 burgundy color passports of the Russian Federation lie on a table, the covers facing the camera. A hand with rings on the ring and little fingers with bracelets on the arm reaches for the passport on the left.

Where Did All These Passports Come From? Russia’s Manipulation of Citizenship as Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine

Russia’s "passportization" campaign in occupied Ukraine demonstrates how citizenship policy can be manipulated as a modern instrument of hybrid warfare.

Jun. 29, 2026 Ryan O'Neale

A collage of images featuring scenes from the Russia - Ukraine War.

Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive

A catalog of over 100 articles (many with Ukrainian translations) on the Russia Ukraine War -- law, diplomacy, policy options, and more.

Apr. 23, 2026 Clara Apt and Tess Graham

(L-R) Russian Deputy Defense Minister Colonel-General Alexander Fomin, Deputy Foreign Minister of the Russian Federation Sergei Ryabkov and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg during the NATO-Russia Council meeting at the Alliance's headquarters in Brussels, on January 12, 2022. (Photo by OLIVIER HOSLET/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)

NATO Must Boost Hybrid Warfare Defenses

As the Russia-Ukraine crisis escalates, NATO must get serious about building resilience against hybrid warfare.

Hybrid Warfare

Where Did All These Passports Come From? Russia’s Manipulation of Citizenship as Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine

Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive

NATO Must Boost Hybrid Warfare Defenses

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