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NATO Leaders join King Willem-Alexander and Queen Máxima of the Netherlands for a family photo as they participate in the 2025 NATO summit on June 24, 2025 in The Hague, Netherlands. (Photo by Haiyun Jiang-Pool/Getty Images)

The North Atlantic Treaty and a U.S. Attack on Denmark

Would NATO have to defend Denmark if the United States attempted to seize Greenland? Article 5 suggests other allies are obligated to come to Denmark's defense if requested.
A statue of U.S. President Harry S. Truman stands in the Capitol Rotunda on September 29, 2022 in Washington, DC. (Photo by Anna Moneymaker/Getty Images)

Crisis as Catalyst: Seabed Minerals and the (Un)Making of International Law

Will President Trump, as President Truman did during the WWII era, succeed in refashioning the law governing international seabed minerals?
Concept image of deep underwater ocean exploration with submarine or rov. (via Getty Images)

The Rulemakers of Deep-Sea Mining: How the U.S. and China Are Competing Beyond Minerals

In the race for critical minerals, those who control the legal and regulatory frameworks will shape who has access and which values define the future of resource extraction.
Granite being mined in Ukraine

The U.S.-Ukraine Agreement: Legality and Transparency

The recently announced mineral deal is likely a lawful “sole executive agreement” that the president need not submit to Congress, but subsequent implementing agreements are…
Aerial picture of dredges at an illegal gold mining area in the Madre de Dios department, in Peru's southeastern Amazon region, on May 31, 2024. Illegal exploitation is ruthless, despite law enforcement prosecution in Madre de Dios, in southeastern Peru. (Photo by ERNESTO BENAVIDES/AFP via Getty Images)

Transparency for Minerals is Essential, and No One Can Go It Alone

Despite efforts for transparency, the minerals trade still fuels conflict and corruption; only joint action and accountability can ensure resources benefit communities.
U.S. President Donald Trump (C) and Vice President JD Vance meet with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky in the Oval Office at the White House on February 28, 2025 in Washington, DC.

Negotiations at Gunpoint: Does U.S. Pressure on Ukraine for a Minerals Deal Amount to Unlawfully Procuring a Treaty by Use of Force?

Coercion leveraged by the U.S. to secure Ukrainian mineral resources could be deemed use of force, rendering any resulting treaty void.
Two diamond miners in yellow helmets and red vests look out over an expansive diamond mine.

In Potential Russia Sanctions Removal, Diamonds Illustrate the Complexities

The web of factors for the diamond industry in any lifting of sanctions could be instructive for other sectors too.
A worker removes McDonald's logotype from a restaurant

This Is No Time for Business as Usual in Russia

Russia is a financially, morally, and politically risky place to do business — and American companies should think twice before doing so.
Oil field with rigs and pumps at sunset. World Oil Industry

What Just Happened: Trump’s Executive Actions on Environment and Implications for US Climate Security

New executive orders create U.S. and global security risks in the face of climate change, which the Trump administration and Congress would be wise to mitigate.
Long-distance shot of many people working in an open-pit mine.

Lifting DRC Mining Sanctions Would Be a Critical National Security Error

Lifting sanctions against mining tycoon Dan Gertler for “extensive public corruption” in the Democratic Republic of Congo would fail the victims of his schemes and undermine…
A large crowd stands in the middle of what appears to be an elevated highway as a protest, with the skyline of a city in the ground.

A Modern Rush for ‘Green Deal’ Minerals Challenges Troubled Governance in the Western Balkans

Increased mining investment in the Western Balkans can either support crucial political and economic reforms, or further reward illiberal regimes.
Young boys on a rocky hill side under a blue sky with clouds.

How to Clean Up the Clean Energy Transition: Preventing Violence Over New ‘Conflict Minerals’

Conflicts between industrial and artisanal mining should be considered as the clean energy transition increases the need for certain minerals.
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