Armed Conflict

Just Security’s expert authors provide analysis on the legal, policy, and strategic dimensions of armed conflict, including the Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Hamas war, counterterrorism operations, conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, and other armed conflicts across the globe, with a focus on international humanitarian law, war crimes and accountability, mitigating and remedying civilian harm, and the humanitarian impacts of warfare.

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Konstantin Ivashchenko (seated in foreground on the right), former CEO of the Azovmash plant and appointed pro-Russian mayor of Mariupol, visits a polling station as people vote in a referendum in Mariupol on September 27, 2022. He is seated in a green uniform in front of a desk where poll workers are examining documents, and a uniformed, armed soldier wearing a balaclava is standing behind him. In the background is another desk with poll workers on one side and a civilian on the other, possibly a voter. Western nations dismissed the referendums in Kremlin-controlled regions of eastern and southern Ukraine as the voting on whether Russia should annex four regions of Ukraine started on September 23, 2022. (Photo by STRINGER/AFP via Getty Images)

Боротьба з ядерним шантажем Путіна

Президент Росії Володимир Путін погрожує застосувати ядерну зброю для досягнення перемоги над…
Konstantin Ivashchenko (seated in foreground on the right), former CEO of the Azovmash plant and appointed pro-Russian mayor of Mariupol, visits a polling station as people vote in a referendum in Mariupol on September 27, 2022. He is seated in a green uniform in front of a desk where poll workers are examining documents, and a uniformed, armed soldier wearing a balaclava is standing behind him. In the background is another desk with poll workers on one side and a civilian on the other, possibly a voter. Western nations dismissed the referendums in Kremlin-controlled regions of eastern and southern Ukraine as the voting on whether Russia should annex four regions of Ukraine started on September 23, 2022. (Photo by STRINGER/AFP via Getty Images)

Dealing with Putin’s Nuclear Blackmail

The risk cannot be dismissed, but giving in to his threats in his war on Ukraine would create a precedent that he likely would use elsewhere.
Russian Federation Minister for Foreign Affairs Sergey V. Lavrov speaks during the United Nations Security Council meeting at the United Nations Headquarters to discuss the conflict in Ukraine on September 22, 2022 in New York City.

Аргументи щодо створення Спеціального трибуналу для переслідування злочину агресії, вчиненого щодо України

Частина IV: обмін інформацією, участь потерпілих, робота з інформацією тощо
Rubble lies on the floor near the site of a recent Al Shabab attack on the Hayat Hotel, seen through the window of an armoured car on September 4, 2022 in Mogadishu, Somalia.

Bombing for Peace in Somalia? Time for a Different Approach

The path to peace in Somalia cannot rest on counterterrorism operations alone.
Russian Federation Minister for Foreign Affairs Sergey V. Lavrov speaks during the United Nations Security Council meeting at the United Nations Headquarters to discuss the conflict in Ukraine on September 22, 2022 in New York City.

The Case for Creating a Special Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Committed Against Ukraine (Part IV)

Discussing details for an international tribunal for aggression against Ukraine including outreach, victim participation, and more.
Sen. Lindsey Graham (R) (R-SC) listens as Sen. Richard Blumenthal (L) (D-CT) speaks during a press conference at the U.S. Capitol May 10, 2022 in Washington, DC. Blumenthal and Graham introduced a Senate resolution affirming that the Senate views the actions of the Russian Federation, at the direction of President Vladimir Putin, as sponsoring acts of terrorism, and calls on the U.S. Secretary of State to designate the Russian Federation as a state sponsor of terrorism.

How Congress Should Designate Russia a State Sponsor of Terrorism

A better approach would be for Congress to impose additional targeted sanctions on Russia, but not through the one-size-fits-all state sponsor of terrorism designation.
Ukrainian and Russian flags.

US Intervention in Ukraine v. Russia at the ICJ: A Q&A with Chimène Keitner

"The recent flurry of interventions shows that the ICJ proceeding continues to serve as a rallying point for Ukraine’s supporters."
Smoke rises from a Russian tank destroyed by the Ukrainian forces on the side of a road in Lugansk region on February 26, 2022.

Mobilized to Commit War Crimes?

As Russia mobilizes its troops against Ukraine, States must review the asylum claims of those who desert, surrender, or flee conscription.
Russian Federation Minister for Foreign Affairs Sergey V. Lavrov speaks during the United Nations Security Council meeting at the United Nations Headquarters to discuss the conflict in Ukraine on September 22, 2022 in New York City.

The Case for Creating a Special Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Committed Against Ukraine

Discussing details for an international tribunal for aggression against Ukraine including outreach, victim participation, and more.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky remotely speaks on a screen during the United Nations General Assembly. Next to the screen is the United Nations emblem.

Аргументи щодо створення Спеціального трибуналу для переслідування злочину агресії, вчиненого щодо України

Rules of procedure and evidence; how many to prosecute; rights of accused; double jeopardy (non bis in idem); amnesty; immunity; penalties.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky remotely speaks on a screen during the United Nations General Assembly. Next to the screen is the United Nations emblem.

The Case for Creating a Special Tribunal to Prosecute the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine (Part III)

Rules of procedure and evidence; how many to prosecute; rights of accused; double jeopardy (non bis in idem); amnesty; immunity; penalties.
People attend a rally and a concert in support of annexation referendums in Russian-held regions of Ukraine, in Saint Petersburg on September 23, 2022. - Voting on whether Russia should annex Kremlin-controlled regions of Ukraine opened Friday as the West denounced the referendum that has dramatically raised the stakes of Moscow's seven-month invasion.

Q&A on Russia-Backed Referendums in Eastern Ukraine and International Law

"There is simply no legal route through which a referendum can take place unilaterally without the consent of the territorial state."
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