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Armed Conflict

Just Security’s expert authors provide analysis on the legal, policy, and strategic dimensions of armed conflict, including the Russia-Ukraine war, the Israel-Hamas war, counterterrorism operations, conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa, and other armed conflicts across the globe, with a focus on international humanitarian law, war crimes and accountability, mitigating and remedying civilian harm, and the humanitarian impacts of warfare.

Civilian HarmIsrael-Hamas WarLaw of Armed Conflict/IHLRussia-UkraineSudanUse of Force

Highlights:

IMAGES (left to right): People search through buildings, destroyed during Israeli air raids in the southern Gaza Strip on November 7, 2023 in Khan Yunis, Gaza (Photo by Ahmad Hasaballah/Getty Images); A fireball erupts during Israeli bombardment of Gaza City on October 9, 2023 (Photo by Mahmud Hams/AFP via Getty Images); The International Court of Justice (ICJ), the principal judicial organ of the UN, holds public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by South Africa in the case South Africa v. Israel on 11 and 12 January 2024, at the Peace Palace in The Hague, the seat of the Court (Photo by the International Court of Justice).

Just Security’s Israel-Hamas War Archive

Just Security's collection of more than 110 articles covering the Israel-Hamas War and its diplomatic, legal, and humanitarian consequences.
Apr. 9, 2025 and
A collage of images featuring scenes from the Russia - Ukraine War.

Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive

A catalog of over 100 articles (many with Ukrainian translations) on the Russia Ukraine War -- law, diplomacy, policy options, and more.
May 16, 2025 and
A group of Ukrainian women demonstrate against war rape, holding posters.

Ukraine’s Use of Technology in Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes Investigations

Technology can help bring justice for Ukrainian survivors of sexual and gender-based crimes, but the process is not without challenges.
May 12, 2025 and
A photo of three Sudanese children walking together

New Transitional Justice Legislation Provides an Entry Point for Reengaging with State- and Nation-Building Efforts in South Sudan

The South Sudan government should be held strictly to its commitment to establish and politically support new truth commission legislation.
May 14, 2025 and

The U.S.-Ukraine Agreement: Legality and Transparency

The recently announced mineral deal is likely a lawful “sole executive agreement” that the president need not submit to Congress, but subsequent implementing agreements are…
May 6, 2025 , and 1 more
Women reflect in dirty water

Justice for Children in a Future Crimes Against Humanity Treaty

States should incorporate child-specific provisions within a future Crimes Against Humanity Convention to better protect children's rights.
May 19, 2025 , and 2 more
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3,186 Articles
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The Just Security Podcast: What’s Next for U.S. Diplomacy and Foreign Assistance?

Expert panel considers the proposed restructuring of the State Department and unpacks the implications for U.S. foreign policy, what's at stake, and what lies ahead.
May 19, 2025 , and 4 more
IMAGES (left to right): Natural disaster and its consequences (via Getty Images); In this picture taken on September 28, 2022, an internally displaced flood-affected family sits outside their tent at a makeshift tent camp in Jamshoro district of Sindh province (Photo by Rizwan Tabassum/AFP via Getty Images; Trees smolder and burn during the Dixie fire near Greenville, California on August 3, 2021. – Numerous fires are raging through the state’s northern forests, as climate change makes wildfire season longer, hotter and more devastating. (Photo by JOSH EDELSON/AFP via Getty Images)

Just Security’s Climate Archive

A catalog of articles analyzing the diplomatic, political, legal, security, and humanitarian consequences of the international climate crisis.
May 16, 2025
People react as they gather close to a mass grave in the town of Bucha, just northwest of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv on April 3, 2022.

Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection

Updated: Key words, phrases, and themes appear to express intent to eliminate Ukraine or Ukrainians as a nation-state, people, or culture.
May 16, 2025
A doctor walks through the halls in a bombed Gaza hospital

State’s Program for Responding to Civilian Harm Caused by American Weapons Falls Short, But Should Not Be Abandoned

A well-resourced CHIRG could help prevent U.S. arms from being used unlawfully, and offer a credible response to critics of America’s global weapons transfers.
May 16, 2025
Ukraine, Kyiv Oblast, Pripyat, Interior of long abandoned building with completely broken out windows - stock photo (Getty Images)

Making Russia Pay: Obtaining Compensation for Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in American Courts

US courts may offer avenues for holding Russia accountable for injuries caused by its unlawful invasion of Ukraine, subject to certain limitations.
May 15, 2025 and
Just Security

The Just Security Podcast: Peace Diplomacy and the Russo-Ukraine War

How should we understand the prospects for a sustainable peace in Ukraine amidst evolving geopolitical dynamics and continued battlefield uncertainty?
May 14, 2025 , and 2 more
People go past partially destroyed apartment blocks in Yarmouk camp outside Damascus, Syria

Paying for Return: Why Assad’s Assets Must Fund Syrian Repatriation

Assad’s frozen, sanctioned assets should be structured into reparation programs to help Syrian families afford rebuilding their lives.
May 12, 2025
U.S. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth talks with Panama Canal Administrator Ricaurte Vasquez in front of a Panama Canal sign.

Ambiguity Is Not Authorization: The Neutrality Treaty Does Not Justify U.S. Military Intervention in Panama

U.S. Military intervention in Panama would violate fundamental international norms and find no justification in the Neutrality Treaty.
May 12, 2025
a ukrainian passport with a sticky note that reads "don't touch ukrainian people"

Targeting a Nation: Russian Airstrikes and the Crime of Persecution in Ukraine

Legal analysis shows how Russia’s actions meet the threshold for the crime of persecution under international law.
May 7, 2025
A picture remains on the wall of a kindergarten building that was damaged during the Russian invasion in Kharkiv's Saltivka district on January 20, 2025 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. (Photo by Carl Court/Getty Images)

How to Eliminate a Nation: Russia’s Crime of Extermination in Ukraine

Extermination is often overshadowed by or conflated with genocide, it is no less egregious in its scope and effects. Prosecuting the crime of extermination is essential.
May 5, 2025

“With the Utmost Urgency” – The Crisis in Gaza and Advisory Opinion(s) of the International Court of Justice

Professor Haque argues that the ICJ can and should act on an expedited basis to address Israel's blockade of humanitarian assistance in Gaza.
May 5, 2025
Aerial picture of dredges at an illegal gold mining area in the Madre de Dios department, in Peru's southeastern Amazon region, on May 31, 2024. Illegal exploitation is ruthless, despite law enforcement prosecution in Madre de Dios, in southeastern Peru. (Photo by ERNESTO BENAVIDES/AFP via Getty Images)

Transparency for Minerals is Essential, and No One Can Go It Alone

Despite efforts for transparency, the minerals trade still fuels conflict and corruption; only joint action and accountability can ensure resources benefit communities.
May 2, 2025
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