International Law

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Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) sails alongside Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer USS Frank E. Petersen Jr. (DDG 121) and Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship

Expert Q&A: Are U.S. Threats or Use of Force Against Iran Lawful?

Experts examine the international law issued raised by the U.S. threats and potential strikes against Iran.
Close-up of a wooden judge’s gavel resting on a sound block in front of stacked law books, symbolizing law, justice, and court proceedings.​

Looking Forward: What Can Courts Do and When

Given international courts current role and relevant limitations in ending wars, how can courts play a more meaningful role in ending war, or in preventing a return to war?
Protesters hold Iranian pre-Islamic revolution of 1979 flags in front of the United Nations office in Geneva​, Switzerland on February 17, 2026.

What the Current Crises Facing Iran Mean for Human Rights and Rules on the Use of Force

The human rights crisis in Iran reveals the limits of a legal system designed to restrain force even when restraint carries profound human costs.
International Court of Justice chambers.

Symposium: Is There a Role for International Courts in Ending Wars?

Judicial involvement in ongoing armed conflicts should be examined from multiple vantage points: courts, victims, parties to conflict, and broader goals of peace and security.
Wide shot of the International Court of Justice courtroom, with judges seated in a row behind a long elevated bench beneath a large mural, and rows of delegates and observers seated at desks facing the bench, listening to ongoing proceedings.

Courts in Wartime: A Level Playing Field for Peace

Although international courts have limits, they can do what few other peaceful dispute resolution mechanisms can when it comes to ending war.
Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky (L) and Secretary General of the Council of Europe Alain Berset (R) speak at podiums in front of a light blue backdrop, next to the blue flag with a circle of gold stars that represents the European Union and the Council of Europe and the edge of a Ukrainian flag showing on the left edge of the image.

From Commitment to Action: The Next Steps in Holding Russia’s Leaders Accountable for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine

The Special Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression in Ukraine is a step toward closing a longstanding gap in international criminal accountability.
Wooden judge’s gavel lies next to a small globe on a reflective surface, symbolizing international justice and the global reach of legal decisions.

Suspend Your Judgment? The Role of International Courts in Ending Wars

When international courts intervene in active wars, they must contend with how (and whether) they can contribute to ending wars and shape the post-war aftermath. 
Gavel and a globe

Governments Need to Disrupt the Business of War Crimes: And No, Sanctions Are Not Enough

If governments are serious about accountability for atrocities, they must start following the money and treating international crimes like the big business they are.
Bronze Lady Justice statue with balanced scales stands beside a wooden judge’s gavel resting on a law book, in front of a stack of legal volumes on a dark background.

When the Warning Bells Ring: Judicial Awareness in War

By heeding the warning bells and embracing a do‑no‑harm principle, international courts can denounce abuse while preserving the credibility of international justice.
Screenshot of the OLC Memo

The OLC Maduro Memorandum: Assisting in War Sustaining Activities is Not Direct Participation in Hostilities

A troubling OLC memo claims civilians aiding “war-sustaining activities” can be lawfully targeted—an unsupported interpretation that weakens civilian safeguards.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky gestures while walking away from the International Criminal Court building in The Hague during his first visit to the Netherlands on May 4, 2023.

Assessing the ICC’s Impact in Ukraine

An analysis of the ICC’s warrants against Putin and Lvova-Belova, exploring their real impact on diplomacy, deterrence, and justice in Ukraine.
US Secretary of State Marco Rubio testifies during a Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing

Five War Powers Takeaways from the Senate’s Venezuela Hearing

The Senate's hearing with Rubio offered little solace to those concerned about the use of force against Venezuela.
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