Cyber Warfare

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The New Zealand flag on a computer screen with numbers running up and down over the flag.

New Zealand Pushes the Dialogue on International Cyber Law Forward

New Zealand becomes latest state to issue a statement of its views on international law in cyberspace.
Map of Finland with an abstract pattern representing networks.

Finland Sets Out Key Positions on International Cyber Law

Analysis of the Government of Finland's new statement on international law in cyberspace.
Aerial view of people in white and red to form the Canadian flag.

A Deep Dive into Canada’s Overhaul of Its Foreign Intelligence and Cybersecurity Laws

Following the release of documents by Edward Snowden, many of the Western governments whose agencies’ activities were implicated in the leaks raced to update and modernize their…
A doctor speaks with a patient during an online consultation session at a hospital in Shenyang in China's northeastern Liaoning province on February 4, 2020.

Oxford Statement on the International Law Protections Against Cyber Operations Targeting the Health Care Sector

In advance of Friday, May 22 Arria-Formula meeting of the United Nations Security Council.
Binary code in blue on a blue and black background

The Defense Department’s Measured Take on International Law in Cyberspace

A close reading of the Defense Department's statement on cyber by top expert, comparing it to positions of Australia, France, Netherlands, United Kingdom and others.
A 3-D rendering of the country Georgia

Russian Cyber Attacks Against Georgia, Public Attributions and Sovereignty in Cyberspace

"The attack on Georgia shows the opportunity costs of states not firmly grounding their reactions in the language of international law."
Cyber operations on mission in the 780th Military Intelligence Brigade operations center at Fort Meade, Md. U.S. Army Cyber Command. The room is covered with computer screens on desks as well as larger screens on the front wall. Each soldier appears to have three screens to their self.

Norm-Skepticism in Cyberspace? Counter-Factual and Counterproductive

Leading expert on international law and cyber responds to statement by Chief of US Naval Operations, Admiral Mike Gilday on international norms in cyberspace.
Cyber operations on mission in the 780th Military Intelligence Brigade operations center at Fort Meade, Maryland.

Reassessing U.S. Cyber Operations Against Iran and the Use of Force

"There is good reason to conclude the United States may have crossed the use of force threshold with this cyber operation."
The Netherlands' Minister of Foreign Affairs Stef Blok speaks during a debate about Socialist Party (SP) party chairman Murat Memis at the Senate, in The Hague, on December 26, 2019.

The Netherlands Releases a Tour de Force on International Law in Cyberspace: Analysis

The Dutch make a major contribution to interpretation and application of international law in cyberspace with careful legal analysis on topics ranging from sovereignty to the use…
Binary code lit up in blue lights

An Overview of International Humanitarian Law in France’s New Cyber Document

France's positions explained - with translations of key text - on important issues like the meaning of "attack" and the application of the principles of distinction and proportionality…
A map of France with binary computer code.

France’s Major Statement on International Law and Cyber: An Assessment

Leading expert on international law and cyberspace assesses major new position staked out by French government.
The seals of the U.S. Cyber Command, the National Secrity Agency and the Central Security Service.

U.S. Offensive Cyber Operations against Economic Cyber Intrusions: An International Law Analysis – Part II

Part I demonstrated that the United States is likely to struggle to make a convincing argument that economic cyber intrusions carried out against it breach international law. Consequently,…
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