Bashar al-Assad

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Former head of political security in south Syria's Daraa province, Atif Najib attends the first trial session at the Palace of Justice, in Damascus on April 26, 2026. Najib is the former head of political security in south Syria's Daraa province, the cradle of the country's 2011 uprising, and is accused of orchestrating a crackdown there. (Photo by Bakr ALkasem / AFP via Getty Images)

Building Justice After Assad: Syria’s Accountability Dilemma and Pathways to Justice

Syria’s first post-Assad trials spark hope and concern, as legal gaps and due process risks challenge efforts to deliver credible, inclusive justice for victims.
People walk underneath an advertising billboard of Syria's largest mobile operator Syriatel, owned by businessman Rami Makhlouf, in the Syrian capital Damascus on May 11, 2020. (Photo by STR/AFP via Getty Images)

Taking a Closer Look at Syria’s Economy: Accountability or Business as Usual for Assad’s Cronies?

Syria’s economic future must be reshaped, including through accountability for corporations and businesspeople, and an economic system guided by the rule of law.
France's Foreign Minister Jean-Noel Barrot and his German counterpart Annalena Baerbock visit the Saydnaya prison north of Damascus, accompanied by members of Syrian rescuers known as the 'White Helmets' on January 3, 2025. Baerbock and Barrot visited Syria's Saydnaya prison, an emblem of abuses under deposed leader Bashar al-Assad. Barrot’s was the first high-level visit by a major Western power since Assad was ousted in December 2024. (Photo by ANWAR AMRO/AFP via Getty Images)

Transitional Justice in Syria: Domestic-Led Accountability Efforts Cannot Function in Isolation

Syria’s transition does not occur in isolation, and its justice process will depend on how well domestic efforts connect with the global accountability landscape.
Children and adults hold candles and portraits of people killed in the conflict during a "March of Return" in Aleppo, Syria, on December 22, 2025. Displaced residents organized the event to commemorate the 2016 evacuation of eastern Aleppo and to mark the recent change in government following the collapse of the Bashar al-Assad administration. (Photo by Hibatullah Barakat / Middle East Images / AFP via Getty Images)

Transitional Justice in Post-Assad Syria: A Transformative Framework for Accountability and Reform

In designing an effective transitional justice framework in Syria, policymakers must employ careful sequencing, transparency, and broad participation in implementation.
People wave Syrian flags as they celebrate a year since the ousting of longtime ruler Bashar al-Assad in the Syrian capital Damascus on December 8, 2025. (Photo by LOUAI BESHARA / AFP via Getty Images)

Syria in Transition Series

Experts asses accountability, reconciliation, institutional reform, constitutionalism, and more in transitional Syria.
A man holds a Syrian flag across the street from the White House. An American flag waves in the background.

Caesar Act Repeal and the Syria Sanctions Removal Report Card

Where things stand along the path of Syria sanctions removal and what restrictions remain to inhibit burgeoning investment and development in post-Assad Syria.

The Lost Archive: France’s Highest Court Should Follow WWII-Era Rejection of Head of State Immunity

Newly revealed records of European States' criminal indictments of Hitler should shape how courts and tribunals think of the international law on "head of state immunity" for international…
People go past partially destroyed apartment blocks in Yarmouk camp outside Damascus, Syria

Paying for Return: Why Assad’s Assets Must Fund Syrian Repatriation

Assad’s frozen, sanctioned assets should be structured into reparation programs to help Syrian families afford rebuilding their lives.
A woman in a chador, a full black covering, walks toward the camera with a young child walking on either side with smiles on their faces, against a backdrop of dirt and sand amid a sea of ragged tents, with a large red container at the back right of the photo that may hold water, in Al-Hol camp in northeast Syria.

In a New Era for Syria, States Must Take Responsibility for Their Islamic State-Affiliated Prisoners and Families

It is a matter not only of justice, law, and human dignity, but also an obligation to relieve Syrians of this war legacy as they rebuild their society.
Newborns receive oxygen, sitting on the laps of their mothers.

To Support Peace Efforts, the West Needs a Coordinated Way to Effectively Reduce Sanctions

Western leaders and foreign affairs officials face an uncomfortable reality: they have absolutely no idea how to lift economic and financial sanctions once a war ends and elongated…
A Syrian family waits with luggage at the Turkish border

Syria’s Uncertain Path: Challenges of Return, Stability and Trust

Research has consistently shown that while many Syrians have a long-term aspiration to return, persistent challenges have rendered their aspiration unachievable in the short-term.
In this aerial view, destroyed buildings in the suburb of Jobar on January 18, 2025, in Jobar, Syria

Syria Needs the International Criminal Court

The Assad atrocities have long served as a painful example of the limits of international justice, but there is now a chance to change that.
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